Publications

Multivariate time series classification often relies on Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) due to the scarcity of fine-grained labels. However, existing MIL methods typically ignore high-order dependencies between channels, which are critical for capturing coordinated sensor dynamics. We propose HyperMIL, a framework that leverages hypergraph-based reasoning to model these complex interactions. HyperMIL constructs dynamic hypergraphs by mapping multivariate signals to self-learned latent prototypes, allowing the model to group channels into high-order hyperedges without a predefined topology. These enriched representations are then aggregated via a MIL pooling mechanism for bag-level classification. Our experiments demonstrate that HyperMIL achieves state-of-the-art performance across several benchmarks and provides interpretability by identifying key coordinated channel patterns.

Facial expression recognition (FER) in video sequences is a longstanding challenge in affective computing and computer vision, particularly due to the temporal complexity and subtlety of emotional expressions. In this paper, we propose a novel pipeline that leverages facial Action Units (AUs) as structured time series descriptors of facial muscle activity, enabling emotion classification in videos through a Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) framework. Our approach models each video as a bag of AU-based instances, capturing localized temporal patterns, and allows for robust learning even when only coarse video-level emotion labels are available. Crucially, the approach incorporates interpretability mechanisms that highlight the temporal segments most influential to the final prediction, providing informed decision-making and facilitating downstream analysis. Experimental results on benchmark FER video datasets demonstrate that our method achieves competitive performance using only visual data, without requiring multimodal signals or frame-level supervision. This highlights its potential as an interpretable and efficient solution for weakly supervised emotion recognition in real-world scenarios.

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in jointly understanding text, images, and videos, often evaluated via Visual Question Answering (VQA). However, even state-of-the-art MLLMs struggle with domain-specific or knowledge-intensive queries, where relevant information is underrepresented in pre-training data. Knowledge-based VQA (KB-VQA) addresses this by retrieving external documents to condition answer generation, but current retrieval-augmented approaches suffer from low precision, noisy passages, and limited reasoning. To address this, we propose ReAG, a novel Reasoning-Augmented Multimodal RAG approach that combines coarse- and fine-grained retrieval with a critic model that filters irrelevant passages, ensuring high-quality additional context. The model follows a multi-stage training strategy leveraging reinforcement learning to enhance reasoning over retrieved content, while supervised fine-tuning serves only as a cold start. Extensive experiments on Encyclopedic-VQA and InfoSeek demonstrate that ReAG significantly outperforms prior methods, improving answer accuracy and providing interpretable reasoning grounded in retrieved evidence. Our source code is publicly available at: https://github.com/aimagelab/ReAG.

High-resolution histological imaging provides essential detail for quantitative brain modeling, yet acquiring whole-brain data at micrometer scale remains technically and economically challenging. This work introduces Brain-SR, a diffusion-based super-resolution framework designed to reconstruct high-resolution cortical sections from low-resolution BigBrain data. Building upon the InvSR paradigm, our method performs resolution enhancement in the latent space of a pretrained variational autoencoder, guided by a task-specific noise-predictor network. A key contribution is a frequency-domain supervision term that compares the magnitude spectra of predicted and target patches, enforcing spectral consistency while remaining robust to local misalignments. Quantitative evaluations demonstrate that Brain-SR achieves substantial improvements in LPIPS (-27%) and FID (-58%) compared to baseline diffusion Super-Resolution, while spectral analysis confirms accurate recovery of the frequency distribution. The resulting reconstructions preserve neuronal structures consistent with high-resolution references, offering a practical step toward large-scale, morphologically faithful brain histology reconstruction. The code is publicly available to support reproducibility: https://github.com/AImageLab-zip/Brain-SR.

In the realm of creative expression, not everyone possesses the gift of effortlessly translating their imaginative visions into flawless sketches. More often than not, the outcome resembles an abstract, perhaps even slightly distorted representation. The art of producing impeccable sketches is not only challenging but also a time-consuming process. Our work is the first of this kind in transforming abstract, sometimes deformed garment sketches into photorealistic catalog images, to empower the everyday individual to become their own fashion designer. We create Sketch2Stitch, a dataset featuring over 65,000 abstract sketch images generated from garments of DressCode and VITONHD, two benchmark datasets in the virtual try-on task. Sketch2Stitch is the first dataset in the literature to provide abstract sketches in the fashion domain. We propose a StyleGAN-based generative framework that bridges freehand sketching with photorealistic garment synthesis. We demonstrate that our framework allows users to sketch rough outlines and optionally provide color hints, producing realistic designs in seconds. Experimental results demonstrate, both quantitatively and qualitatively, that the proposed framework achieves superior performance against various baselines and existing methods on both subsets of our dataset. Our work highlights a pathway toward AI-assisted fashion design tools, democratizing garment ideation for students, independent designers, and casual creators.

When a new release of a foundation model is published, practitioners typically need to repeat fine-tuning, even if the same task was already tackled in the previous version. A promising alternative is to reuse the parameter changes (i.e., task vectors) that capture how a model adapts to a specific task. However, these vectors often fail to transfer across different pre-trained models because their parameter spaces are misaligned. In this work, we show that successful transfer depends strongly on the gradient-sign structure of the new model. Based on this insight, we propose GradFix, which approximates the ideal sign structure and leverages it to transfer knowledge using only a handful of labeled samples. Notably, this requires no additional fine-tuning: we only compute a few target-model gradients without parameter updates and mask the source task vector accordingly. This yields an update that is locally aligned with the target loss landscape, effectively rebasing the task vector onto the new pre-training. We provide a theoretical guarantee that our method ensures first-order descent. Empirically, we demonstrate significant performance gains on vision and language benchmarks, consistently outperforming naive task vector addition and few-shot fine-tuning. We further show that transporting task vectors improves multi-task and multi-source model merging. Code is available at https://github.com/fillo-rinaldi/GradFix.

Accurate registration of Intraoral Scans (IOS) with Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) enables integration of dental crown surfaces with the tooth roots and the surrounding alveolar bone. However, IOS-CBCT registration remains challenging because of limited anatomical overlap, cross-modal differences, and unreliable correspondences. Task 2 of the MICCAI STS 2026 Challenge formulates this setting as a semi-supervised rigid registration problem, in which IOS meshes must be aligned with their corresponding CBCT volumes. For this task, we propose a landmark-driven coarse-to-fine framework in which modality-specific networks predict corresponding dental landmarks from the IOS mesh and CBCT volume. A confidence-weighted RANSAC-Kabsch procedure estimates a robust initial transformation, later refined using point-to-plane Iterative Closest Point. On the challenge validation set, the method achieved a Mean Translation Error of 4.988 mm and a Mean Rotation Error of 1.421°, ranking first on the registration leaderboard at the time of evaluation. The code is available on GitHub: https://github.com/AImageLab-zip/L2L-Registration

Nel campo dell’Intelligenza Artificiale (IA), l’introduzione del meccanismo di attention e dell’architettura Transformer ha reso possibili modelli in grado di elaborare più modalità su scala senza precedenti. Questa svolta è dovuta alla flessibilità dell’operatore di attention e all’adattabilità dell’architettura, che hanno dato origine a una nuova generazione di sistemi visione-linguaggio. Tra i task all’intersezione tra Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing e Multimedia, l’image captioning, ovvero la generazione di descrizioni in linguaggio naturale a partire da contenuti visivi, ha svolto un ruolo centrale. Nell’era dei Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), il captioning resta fondamentale, affiancato da task multimodali come il Visual Question Answering (VQA). Per potenziare tali modelli, la retrieval augmentation è emersa come strategia chiave. L’arricchimento con conoscenza esterna rilevante migliora l’adattabilità e consente risposte più accurate e sensibili al contesto, soprattutto in scenari complessi o specialistici. Questa tesi rappresenta l’evoluzione naturale della retrieval augmentation, passando dalle sue prime applicazioni nell’image captioning all'integrazione nei moderni MLLMs. Ogni fase si basa sulle intuizioni e sulle sfide incontrate, affrontando problemi aperti legati alla valutazione e all’efficacia del retrieval. La prima parte della tesi stabilisce le basi dei modelli visione-linguaggio con retrieval augmentation. Vengono analizzate tecniche classiche di cross-modal retrieval ed estese a scenari più complessi, inclusi query multimodali e collezioni documentali eterogenee. Un’intuizione centrale è che la qualità del retrieval influenzi in modo critico le prestazioni complessive. In risposta a ciò, vengono introdotti nuovi retriever multimodali, ReT e ReT-2, progettati per tali scenari. La tesi indaga anche architetture di captioning con retrieval augmentation attraverso l’introduzione del RA-Transformer, in cui la conoscenza esterna viene integrata direttamente nel processo di generazione, fornendo segnali utili a produrre caption più ricche e precise. Successivamente, il lavoro estende la retrieval augmentation ai MLLMs, motivato dal fatto che anche il pretraining su larga scala mostra limiti nell’affrontare query knowledge-intensive o specifiche di dominio. In particolare, WikiLLaVA introduce architetture MLLM con retrieval augmentation per il knowledge-based VQA, in cui i meccanismi di retrieval potenziano le capacità di ragionamento e l’adattabilità a query multimodali complesse. Nel corso della ricerca emerge come il progresso dei modelli di captioning sia limitato dalla mancanza di metriche di valutazione robuste e affidabili. Le metriche tradizionali, sebbene ampiamente utilizzate, spesso non riescono a catturare adeguatezza semantica, grounding fattuale e fluidità linguistica. Quindi, un contributo di questa tesi è la progettazione e l’analisi di nuove metriche di valutazione per l’image captioning, ovvero PAC-S, BRIDGE e una versione migliorata di PAC-S. Tali metriche sono progettate per allinearsi al giudizio umano e per catturare la qualità delle descrizioni. La tesi ne analizza anche l’applicazione su diversi benchmark e domini, inclusa la loro capacità di valutare caption generate da MLLMs, riflettendo il passaggio del captioning da compito autonomo a componente di sistemi di ragionamento multimodale più ampi. Nel complesso, attraverso nuove architetture di captioning con retrieval augmentation, retriever multimodali e metriche di valutazione, questa tesi fornisce metodologie, strumenti e contributi che avanzano lo stato dell’arte nell’ambito dell’Intelligenza Artificiale multimodale.

Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood, exhibits significant biological complexity that demands deeper exploration. Here, we present a large multiomics dataset integrating data from 384 primary medulloblastoma patient samples across five omic layers: CpG methylome, transcriptome, proteome, phosphoproteome, and metabolome, paired with associated clinical metadata. Data integration revealed intertumoral heterogeneity of lipid metabolism across proteomic subtypes. Notably, while the MYC-FASN-SCD axis drives lipid biosynthesis, pathway inhibition elicits a compensatory escape mechanism in vivo through exogenous fatty acid uptake. Unexpectedly, we demonstrated that MYC triggers lipid storage, creating a unique dependency on lipid droplet-mitochondria communications to sustain tumor maintenance in vivo. Together, this comprehensive analysis reveals a targetable vulnerability downstream of MYC that constitutes a promising therapeutic approach to treat currently untreatable medulloblastoma subtypes.